בין השנים 1481-1483: מלחמות ירושה בין ביאזיד לג'ם, שאהזאדה ביאזיד מנצח והופך לסולטאן ביאזיד השני | Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, , and systematic massacre |
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The American historian wrote that the Ottoman state was centered on "a Byzantine-Balkan base with a veneer of the and the religion" | The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative Qanun, i |
Osman's son, , captured the northwestern Anatolian city of in 1326, making it the new capital of the Ottoman state and supplanting Byzantine control in the region.
23היא בנתה מסגדים רבים, מדרסות, חמאמים ומקומות מנוחה לעולי רגל הנוסעים לעיר הקדושה האסלאמית | The empire's annual income quadrupled between 1523 and 1748, adjusted for inflation |
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The Imperial government protected them and prevented major violent clashes between ethnic groups | Epidemic diseases and famine caused major disruption and demographic changes |
Three suzerain states — the , and — moved towards de jure independence during the 1860s and 1870s.
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