| El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p | |
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| Peter Teed 1992 , p |
sources are not contemporaneous with the events they purport to relate and sometimes were written many centuries later.
21| Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition 1970 , p | |
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| 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account |
Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence.
13| Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G | Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic |
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| The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol | These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions |
137 Netanel's work was virtually unknown beyond his native Yemen until modern times, so had little influence on later Jewish thought• Lapidus 2002 , pp 0.