| Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G | 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account |
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| Peter Teed 1992 , p |
| Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007 | |
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| Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence | Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic |
597, which notes that many of the details surrounding Muhammad's life as given in the biographies, are "problematic in certain respects, the most important of which is that they represent a tradition of living narrative that is likely to have developed orally for a considerable period before it was given even a relatively fixed written form.
18| however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 | |
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| These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions | 137 Netanel's work was virtually unknown beyond his native Yemen until modern times, so had little influence on later Jewish thought• Lapidus 2002 , pp 0 |
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